Crime Profile The Debra Evans Case

On November 16, 1995, in Addison, Illinois, Jacqueline Williams, 28, her boyfriend, Fedell Caffey, 22, and her cousin, Laverne Ward, 24, entered the home of Wards ex-girlfriend, 28-year-old Debra Evans. Debra Evans was the mother of three children: 10-year-old Samantha, 8-year-old Joshua, and 19-month-old Jordan, who was believed to be Ward’s son. She was also nine months pregnant with her fourth child and was due to go to the hospital on November 19, to have labor induced. She had planned to name the child Elijah. Evans had a restraining order against Ward for domestic violence  but allowed the group into her home. Once inside, Ward tried to make Evans accept $2,000 in exchange for her baby. When she refused, Caffey pulled out a gun and shot her. Then Ward and Caffey hunted down Evanss daughter Samantha and stabbed her to death. Afterward, as Evans struggled for her life, Williams, Caffey, and Ward used scissors and a knife to cut her open and then removed the unborn male fetus from her womb.   Williams performed mouth-to-mouth resuscitation on the infant and once he was breathing on his own, she cleaned him in the kitchen sink and then dressed him in a sleeper. Leaving Jordan in the apartment with his dead mother and sister, the trio took the infant Elijah and Evanss son Joshua and went to the apartment of a friend, Patrice Scott, at around midnight. Williams asked Scott if she would keep Joshua for the night, stating that his mother had been shot and was in the hospital. She also told Scott that she had given birth earlier in the evening and would bring the infant the following day so that she could see him. Joshua Asked for Help Joshua, who was frightened and cried throughout the night, reached out to Scott the following morning for help. He told her that his mother and sister were dead and named those who were responsible. Once the group realized he could be a witness to their crimes they set out to murder him. He was poisoned, strangled and then Williams held him while Caffey slashed at his neck, finally killing him. His young body was left in an alley in a nearby town. Jacqueline Williams and Fedell Caffey The murder of Debra Evans and the theft of her unborn child had been a plan in the works for some time. Williams, a mother of three, was unable to have any more children, but Caffey wanted to be a father and was pressuring Williams about having a baby, specifically one with light skin so that they would look alike. Williams began to fake a pregnancy in April 1999, telling friends at her baby shower that the baby was due in August. She then moved the due date to October and on November 1, told her probation officer that she had given birth to a baby boy. But Williams was still without a baby and according to her, Ward presented her with the solution. His ex-girlfriend, Evans was about to give birth to a new baby boy. Now with a new baby in tow, Williams thought her worries were over. Her boyfriend was happy to be a father and she had a baby to show to her probation officer as well as friends and family. Laverne Ward Laverne Ward, who it is believed lead Williams and Caffey to Evans, was also the reason the three were arrested for the murders. Reportedly, Ward called an old girlfriend right after murdering Evans and told her to end her relationship with her boyfriend or face having the same thing done to her as was done to Evans. The police investigation also led to Ward after Jordan, who police believed was Wards son, and was the only child left in the house unharmed. Convicted The three were arrested and convicted. Williams and Caffey received the death penalty and Ward received one life sentence plus 60 years.  On January 11, 2003, the one-term Governor of   Illinois, George Homer Ryan, Sr., commuted all death sentences to life sentences without the possibility of parole. Ryan was later convicted of corruption charges and spent five years in federal prison. Elijah and Jordan Elijah survived his brutal entry into the world unharmed and in October 1996, Evans father, Samuel Evans, was granted legal guardianship to Elijah and his brother Jordan.

Active Directory Proposal - 757 Words

Active Directory Proposal Users and administrators of the current Windows Domain infrastructure have identified a few problems and concerns with the design. The administration team is proposing a new Active Directory (AD) design that will address some if not all of the identified concerns. This document will detail those concerns, the proposal, and how the proposal addresses those concerns. Concerns Several concerns have been brought to the administration team regarding problems with the current design. Additionally, the administration team has analyzed these concerns and identified three primary concerns that can be better addressed with AD. These concerns reflect issues with productivity loss and reduced security. The first concern is the ability for any user to log into any system on the network. This exposes sensitive corporate and financial documents and programs to unauthorized individuals. While it is possible to restrict domain logins to specific computers, this required more administrative overhead than the business was willing to pay. Secondly, users have complained about the amount of time required for access requests to be performed. This is due to the lack of sufficient administrative resources to rapidly perform these requests. This means that productivity is lost while new or recently transferred employees wait for their access requests to be filled. The third concern is that frequently privileged users have unintentionally made changes to systemsShow MoreRelatedActive Directory Proposal Essay examples777 Words   |  4 PagesRiordan Manufacturing Active Directory Proposal Introduction The following is a proposal for the implementation of Active Directory within the Riordan Manufacturing organization. The primary reference for this proposal is the Microsoft guide Best Practice Active Directory Design for Managing Windows Networks. 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Windows Server 2012 will be installed to manage the following server roles. Exchange to manage company email, Active Directory to manage the domain to include users, computers, groups, sub domainsRead MoreGlobal Advertising, Inc.2019 Words   |  9 Pages Lancelot Wedderburn CMIT 371 (7980) 12/11/16 Advance server proposal Background Global Advertising, Inc. (referred to as â€Å"GAI†) has hired you as an IT consultant for their Windows network services infrastructure. GAI is a new advertising firm, and they have hired staff, are established in two locations, and have a need to get their internal IT services configured. They have an IT staff, but they do not have the in-house expertise to address their current

A More Perfect Union Free Essays

In the remarks on â€Å"A More Perfect Union† Senator Barack Obama discusses the issue of race identity in terms of American society. Barack Obama describes his life stressing the role the race has played in his life. It is known that if Obama wins Presdiential elections, he will become the first African-American president in the US history. We will write a custom essay sample on A More Perfect Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now Obama touches the questions of slavery, declaration of independence in Philadelphia and origins of democracy in America. Declaration of independence in Philadelphia played crucial role in promoting democracy as farmers, scholars, patriots and statement were provided with opportunity to express their negative attitude towards slavery, discrimination, tyranny and inequality. Declaration of independence became the first step on the long road to democracy, freedom, liberty and universal human rights. (Obama, 2008) Through struggles and protests, through civil disobedience and civil war, American citizens made a successful attempt to narrow the gap between empty words and reality of the time they lived in. Therefore, the most important idea of the speech is that all citizens of the United States should be provided with full rights and obligations despite their color, religious preferences and beliefs. Obama says that US Constitution is the ideal for citizens as it ensures their legal rights, and opportunities. It is Constitution that promises all citizens liberty, freedom, justice and union. Obama adds that union should be perfected with time. Therefore, Obama views the task of his campaign as one which will continue the long march of to more just, equal, free American nation. Obama says that he decided to run for presidency as he believed that challenges couldn’t be overcome unless they were solved together and unless the union was perfected. (Obama, 2008) Obama stresses that we have different hopes, but all of us are striving for better future sharing similar hopes. Obama argues that â€Å"we may not look the same and we may not have come from the same place, but we all want to move in the same direction – towards a better future for of children and our grandchildren†. (Obama, 2008) Obama’s beliefs, according to his words, are rooted in his own story. Obama tells he is the son of a black man and white woman from Kansas. Obama’s grandfather survived Depression and helped to raise Obama. Obama says he visited the best schools in American, and, at the same time, lived in one of the poorest nations. She is married to an African-American women and blood of slavery flowed within them. Obama’s life story has taught him that a nation isn’t simply a sum of genetic make-ups. Instead, nation is sharing common hopes and prospects for better future. Obama says that racial tensions are seen in all spheres of life. Even he is often labeled as ‘too black’ or ‘not black enough’. In South Carolina there are powerful coalitions of African-Americans and white Americans. Blacks and whites are equally offended and it should be stopped. Obama shares his experiences at Trinity. He says that Trinity is embodiment of African-American community as similar to other African-American churches Trinity offers services which are full of bawdy humor and raucous laughter. Obama says that Trinity’s church is full of dancing, shouting and clapping, as well as it combines kindness and cruelty, struggles and success, intelligence and ignorance, love and bitterness, etc. All these components build the experience of Africans in America. (Obama, 2008) How to cite A More Perfect Union, Papers

Frog Leap

Question: Is Frogs Leap a socially responsible business? How does it stack up against its wine industry peers? Benchmark Frogs Leap against any winery that you have heard of. You may need to do some outside research. What grade would you give Williams for his efforts at sustainability? Using the financial ratios compiled in Table 4 Table 5, below, What is working for Frogs Leap, and what can be improved? What should Frogs Leap sustainability action plan for the next 10-20 years contain? Answer: Is Frogs Leap a socially responsible business? Each and every business has to be socially responsible if it wants to sustain in the business since no business can function in isolation. The business has to be responsible towards the environment that is helping him in grow its products or render its services, the society in which it is operating etc. The Frogs leap believes that the vine must always and necessarily grow on the healthy soil and is supported by the nutrients of the plants. The frogs leap has been farming since the year 1988. The winery has the most great and historic wines of the world and the same has been made from the non-irrigated grapevines. Further, the frogs leap farms all of its vineyards without irrigation. The frogs leap believe in growing the wines from those that reflect their soil, climate and the circumstances. They simply try and show the natural beauty of the grapes through. They grow vine instead of using the artificial chemicals to do the same. This shows that they are socially responsible enough. Further, it employs a good number of employees, this shows that they are responsible towards its society. Therefore, in the nutshell, it can be said that they are socially responsible. How does it stack up against its wine industry peers? In accordance with the marketing director of frogs leap, having just the product is just the first level. In order to beat the competition, the business must have a great vine. It is its vision of the entire journey that makes it possible for frogs leap to become successful and compete with its peers. They understand the concepts as to how the money works, how the leverage words, what the cash flows look like and when the business will grow. Frogs leap believes in the vision that it is easy to get the product on the market stands but it is not easy to move it among the customers. It will keep on staying there till it is a very good product and it is a really good price attached with it. They are business smart and gives them the opportunity to do things. (YouTube, 2015) The business measures the success with its unique criteria and that is what makes it compete with the peers. They respect the challenge conventional wisdom. This further leads to the growth of the company with the growth of the vines. Benchmark Frogs Leap against any winery that you have heard of. You may need to do some outside research. What grade would you give Williams for his efforts at sustainability? In the vine industry, there is a huge amount of competition when it comes to the shelf spaces, spots on the restaurant wine lists, and time with the retailers, wine critics, and space at the public events. Therefore, it is really important for the vinery to gain a competitive edge by impacting the community, engaging the employees, reducing the costs and increasing the profits. Frogs leap must adopt the sustainable principles and make changes in its operational activities so as to become more sustainable in the business. They must keep on looking for the ways from which it could improve the environmental and the social performance. Once, the low hanging fruit has been picked up, the business must be driven towards attaining the sustainability and this would make it even more challenging. The hard work, the determination and the business environment will open up the new ideas and then the new discoveries shall be made. Though it is impossible to grow the grapes and then make vine without leaving a make on the environment but the goals is to continuously improve. Frogs leap must take the ideas for the business and then make then the part of the sustaining initiatives. Once, the business goals have been shifted, it will become socially responsible. (static1.squarespace.com, 2015) Frogs leap is committed to grow the best vine. They maintain their vineyard. They are certified for growing the vine organically since the year 1989. This is the proof of their commitment towards the environment. Using the financial ratios compiled in Table 4 Table 5, below, what is working for Frogs Leap, and what can be improved? The following is the analysis of the ratios: The frogs leap is successful since its gross profit margin is continuously increasing which shows that either it is increasing its saes or reducing its expenses. Its total debt to its total assets is quite good which is 64%. It has a good working capital It has a stable current ratio which shows that it would be able to meet its short term obligations with ease. Its quick ratio is also good which again shows that its ability to meet the short term obligations Its inventory days is lower than its competitors which shows that it is able to convert its inventory into sales at a faster pace. Its sales is higher than its competitors. The following are the recommendations: Work on reducing its accounts receivables. This shows that the frogs leap is not able to convert its accounts receivables into cash whereas its peers are. They must offer discounts to its customers etc. Work towards inventing new ways of reducing the expenses Work out new ways of increasing the earnings before interest, taxes, amortization and amortization. Try to increase its debt coverage ratio either by increasing its net income or by reducing its interest on debt. Improve its return on equity either by increasing the amount of net income or by reducing the amount of equity Try to improve its operating margin Improve its return on assets either by increasing the amount of net income What should Frogs Leap sustainability action plan for the next 10-20 years contain? Frogs leap has had its own ups and downs as is evident from its financial ratios but no business can sustain if it does not make efforts for improvement. They targeted 12 customers. They believed that if the entity could get them to share as to what they needed and wanted, and if the frogs leap provided them with the solution or the product of their liking or that could fulfil their need or the want, then it would be able to sustain itself. The reason for this success was their nimble, fast and quick approach. They are the succeeding generation. The frogs business aims at gong down more and more generations. There is as such a sure shot sustainable action plan and they believed that they should make the vinery so that each and everyone wants to be a part of it. They invest in the values and in the assets making it possible to make a grand success. References: https://www.750group.com, A. (2015). Frogs Leap Winery - Our Wines. Frogsleap.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://www.frogsleap.com/our-wines.php static1.squarespace.com, (2015). Sustainable Winemaking: A Liquid Revolution. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://static1.squarespace.com/static/4ffc3ba1e4b036a61fbde6ff/t/50d277fbe4b06152e1371ba6/1355970555148/White+Paper_Sustainable+Winemaking_060110.pdf YouTube, (2015). Frog's Leap 2011 Segment 1 YouTube sharing. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNGc-an7XPMfeature=youtu.be YouTube, (2015). Frog's Leap 2011_Intro.mov. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://youtu.be/UGiih2wXFAQ YouTube, (2015). Frog's Leap 2011_Segment 2-YouTube sharing.mov. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://youtu.be/WfnN8NkI10Q YouTube, (2015). Frog's Leap 2011_Segment 3-YouTube sharing.mov. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://youtu.be/8CMYZZMUAH0 YouTube, (2015). Frog's Leap 2011_Segment 5-YouTube sharing.mov. Retrieved 4 May 2015, from https://youtu.be/ngRwOZXUBgQv

Life On Other Planets Essays - Planetary Science, Astrobiology

Life On Other Planets Life On Other Planets Life exists on other planets. Out of the billions of solar systems, there has to be a chance that a least a couple planets have the ability to support life. Life may have developed on the planets like life developed here, but it may have developed differently also. Are they more intelligent than we are or are they single-celled organisms? Do they have broadcast capabilities, so they can contact us? It goes back to how life on Earth started. In the early days of Earth, the atmosphere was just carbon monoxide, but algae developed into plants which produced oxygen (Rather and Bowen 2). That brings us to the question of how the algae got here. The answer to that question may lay right beneath us, at the bottom of the earth. There are scientists in Antarctica digging in the snow hoping to find some answers. Some of earth's fossil records indicate that within a billion year period of it's formation as a planet, as soon as heavy bombardment by asteroids ceased, primitive organisms such as bacteria and algae evolved and spread around the globe very quickly. Those organisms illustrated the totality of life here for the next two billion years or so. Therefore, if life exists on other planets, it might well be in this highly uncommunicative form. Consequently it might be a while until it would finally evolve into a slightly intelligent form of life. As algae became more extensive, they began adding large amounts of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere. The manufacturing of oxygen, fed by energy derived from sunlight, is fundamental to carbon-based life. Oxygen is a chemically reactive gas; without continued replenishment by algae and, later in Earth's evolution, by plants, its concentration would fall. Consequently, the presence of large amounts of oxygen in a planet's atmosphere is a good indicator that some form of carbon-based life may exist there. But there is still a problem as to how the initial jump from non-alive to alive came about. We know a lot of details, and have a pretty good idea of how life got from algae to cat to man, but how we ended up with algae is the big question here. This mystery makes it hard for us to figure out how life would arise on other planets. Life is not all that mysterious, it is a property of a collection of extremely complex molecules (Britt 1). In order to help people figure out what planets out there could support life and may have life on them, we have to look at what life needs to survive. If other planets had carbon-based life they would likely have the same or close to the same chemistry that earth has. Water is an excellent solvent for life's biological reactions and serves as a source of needed hydrogen. Carbon is a particularly suitable building block of life. Carbon is abundant 'in this universe, and no other known element can form the myriad of complex but stable molecules necessary for life as we know it. It is believed that if a planet looks like Earth and has liquid water and oxygen, then this would present strong evidence for its having life. There could be some other non-biological source on a lifeless planet. Life could also develop from some other type of chemistry that does not generate oxygen. We should still be able to detect all stirring from chemical residues. There is a theory that maybe life came from outer space, or the comets and meteorites in it. Like giant interstellar sperm, comets might transport the seeds of life from collapsed space clouds to fledgling and otherwise barren planets, depositing their life-giving substances in a colossal impact (Britt 1). A new computer shows that at least one building block of DNA could develop in space when giant clouds of molecular matter collapse under their own gravity, squeezing and forcing chemical reactions. If the controversial theory gains support, it would be a shot in the arm for an idea more than 20 years old: that life on Earth originated in space (Britt 1). This theory could explain how life got started on our planet so soon after this planet was formed.

Early Inventors and Innovators of Electricity

Early Inventors and Innovators of Electricity The history of electricity begins with William Gilbert, a physician who served Queen Elizabeth the first of England. Before William Gilbert, all that was known about electricity and magnetism was that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that rubbing amber and jet would attract bits of stuff to start sticking. In 1600, William Gilbert published his treatise De magnete, Magneticisique Corporibus (On the Magnet). Printed in scholarly Latin, the book explained years of Gilberts research and experiments on electricity and magnetism. Gilbert raised the interest in the new science greatly. It was Gilbert who coined the expression electrica in his famous book. Early Inventors Inspired and educated by William Gilbert, several Europeans inventors, including Otto von Guericke of Germany, Charles Francois Du Fay of France, and Stephen Gray of England expanded the knowledge. Otto von Guericke was the first to prove that a vacuum could exist. Creating a vacuum was essential for all kinds of further research into electronics. In 1660, von Guericke invented the machine that produced static electricity; this was the first electric generator. In 1729, Stephen Gray discovered the principle of the conduction of electricity. In 1733, Charles Francois du Fay discovered that electricity comes in two forms which he called resinous (-) and vitreous (), now called negative and positive. The Leyden Jar The Leyden jar was the original capacitor, a device that stores and releases an electrical charge. (At that time electricity was considered the mysterious fluid or force.) The Leyden jar was invented in Holland in 1745 and in Germany almost simultaneously. Both Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek and German clergyman and scientist, Ewald Christian Von Kleist invented a Leyden jar. When Von Kleist first touched his Leyden jar he received a powerful shock that knocked him to the floor. The Leyden jar was named after Musschenbroeks hometown and university Leyden, by Abbe Nolett, a French scientist, who first coined the term Leyden jar. The jar was once called the Kleistian jar after Von Kleist, but this name did not stick. History of Electricity - Ben Franklin Ben Franklins important discovery was that electricity and lightning were one and the same. Ben Franklins lightning rod was the first practical application of electricity. History of Electricity - Henry Cavendish and Luigi Galvani Henry Cavendish of England, Coulomb of France, and Luigi Galvani of Italy made scientific contributions towards finding practical uses for electricity. In 1747, Henry Cavendish started measuring the conductivity (the ability to carry an electrical current) of different materials and published his results. In 1786, Italian physician Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses. Galvani made frog muscles twitch by jolting them with a spark from an electrostatic machine. Following the work of Cavendish and Galvani came a group of important scientists and inventors, including Alessandro Volta of Italy, Hans Oersted of Denmark, Andre Ampere of France, Georg Ohm of Germany, Michael Faraday of England, and Joseph Henry of America. Work With Magnets Joseph Henry was a researcher in the field of electricity whose work inspired many inventors. Joseph Henrys first discovery was that the power of a magnet could be immensely strengthened by winding it with insulated wire. He was the first person to make a magnet that could lift 3,500 pounds of weight. Joseph Henry showed the difference between quantity magnets composed of short lengths of wire connected in parallel and excited by a few large cells, and intensity magnets wound with a single long wire and excited by a battery composed of cells in series. This was an original discovery, greatly increasing both the immediate usefulness of the magnet and its possibilities for future experiments. Michael Faraday,  William Sturgeon, and other inventors were quick to recognize the value of Joseph Henrys discoveries. Sturgeon magnanimously said, Professor Joseph Henry has been enabled to produce a magnetic force which totally eclipses every other in the whole annals of  magnetism, and  no parallel is to be found since the miraculous suspension of the celebrated Oriental impostor in his iron coffin. Joseph Henry also discovered the phenomena of  self-induction  and mutual induction. In his experiment, a current sent through a wire in the second story of the building induced currents through a similar wire in the cellar two floors below. Telegraph A telegraph was an early invention that communicated messages at a distance over a wire using electricity that was later replaced by the telephone. The word telegraphy comes from the Greek words  tele  which means far away and  grapho  which means write. The first attempts to send signals by electricity (telegraph) had been made many times before  Joseph Henry  became interested in the problem.  William Sturgeons  invention of the electromagnet encouraged researchers in England to experiment with the electromagnet. The experiments failed and only produced a current  that weakened after a few hundred feet. The Basis for the Electric Telegraph However, Joseph Henry strung a mile of fine wire, placed an intensity  battery  at one end, and made the armature strike a bell at the other. Joseph Henry discovered the essential mechanics behind the electric telegraph. This discovery was made in 1831, a full year before  Samuel Morse  invented the telegraph. There is no controversy as to who invented the first telegraph machine. That was Samuel Morses achievement, but the discovery which motivated and allowed Morse to invent the telegraph was Joseph Henrys achievement. In Joseph Henrys own words: This was the first discovery of the fact that a galvanic current could be transmitted to a great distance with so little a diminution of force as to produce mechanical effects, and of the means by which the transmission could be accomplished. I saw that the electric telegraph was now practicable. I had not in mind any particular form of telegraph, but referred only to the general fact that it was now demonstrated that a galvanic current could be transmitted to great distances, with sufficient power to produce mechanical effects adequate to the desired object. Magnetic Engine Joseph Henry next turned to designing a magnetic engine and succeeded in making a reciprocating bar motor, on which he installed the first automatic pole changer, or commutator, ever used with an electric battery. He did not succeed in producing direct rotary motion. His bar oscillated like the walking beam of a steamboat. Electric Cars Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Brandon, Vermont, built an  electric car  in 1835, which was road worthy. Twelve years later Moses Farmer exhibited an electric-driven locomotive. In 1851, Charles Grafton Page drove an electric car on the tracks of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from Washington to Bladensburg, at the rate of nineteen miles an hour. However, the cost of batteries was too great and the use of the electric motor in transportation not yet practical. Electric Generators The principle behind the dynamo or electric generator was discovered by  Michael Faraday  and  Joseph Henry  but the process of its development into a practical power generator consumed many years. Without a dynamo for the generation of power, the development of the electric motor was at a standstill, and electricity could not be widely used for transportation, manufacturing, or lighting like it is used for today. Street Lights   The arc light as a practical illuminating device was invented in 1878 by Charles Brush, an Ohio engineer and graduate of the University of Michigan. Others had attacked the problem of electric lighting, but a lack of suitable carbons stood in the way of their success. Charles Brush made several lamps light in series from one dynamo. The first Brush lights were used for street illumination in Cleveland, Ohio. Other inventors improved the arc light, but there were drawbacks. For outdoor lighting and for large halls arc lights worked well, but arc lights could not be used in small rooms. Besides, they were in series, that is, the current passed through every lamp in turn, and an accident to one threw the whole series out of action. The whole problem of indoor lighting was to be solved by one of Americas most famous inventors. Thomas Edison and Telegraphy Edison arrived in Boston in 1868, practically penniless, and applied for a position as night operator. The manager asked me when I was ready to go to work. Now, I replied. In Boston he found men who knew something of electricity, and, as he worked at night and cut short his sleeping hours, he found time for study. He bought and studied Faradays works. Presently came the first of his multitudinous inventions, an automatic vote recorder, for which he received a patent in 1868. This necessitated a trip to Washington, which he made on borrowed money, but he was unable to arouse any interest in the device. After the vote recorder, he says, I invented a  stock ticker, and started a ticker service in Boston; had 30 or 40 subscribers and operated from a room over the Gold Exchange. This machine Edison attempted to sell in New York, but he returned to Boston without having succeeded. He then invented a duplex telegraph by which two messages might be sent simultaneously, but at a  test, th e machine failed because of the stupidity of the assistant. Penniless and in debt, Thomas Edison arrived again in New York in 1869. But now fortune favored him. The Gold Indicator Company was a concern furnishing to its subscribers by telegraph the Stock Exchange prices of gold. The companys instrument was out of order. By a lucky  chance, Edison was on the spot to repair it, which he did successfully, and this led to his appointment as superintendent at a salary of three hundred dollars a month. When a change in the ownership of the company threw him out of the position he formed, with  Franklin L. Pope, the partnership of Pope, Edison, and Company, the first firm of electrical engineers in the United States. Improved Stock Ticker, Lamps, and Dynamos Not long afterward Thomas Edison released the invention which started him on the road to success. This was the improved stock ticker, and the Gold and Stock Telegraph Company paid him 40,000 dollars for it, more money than he had expected. I had made up my mind, Edison wrote, that, taking into consideration the time and killing pace I was working at, I should be entitled to $5000, but could get along with $3000. The money was paid by check and Thomas Edison had never received a check before, he had to be told how to cash it. Work Done in the Newark Shop Thomas Edison immediately set up a shop in Newark. He improved the system of automatic telegraphy (telegraph machine) that was in use at that time and introduced it into England. He experimented with submarine cables and worked out a system of quadruplex telegraphy by which one wire was made to do the work of four. These two inventions were bought by  Jay Gould, owner of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company. Gould paid 30,000  dollars  for the quadruplex system but refused to pay for the automatic telegraph. Gould had bought the Western Union, his only competition. He then, wrote Edison, repudiated his contract with the automatic telegraph people and they never received a cent for their wires or patents, and I lost three years of very hard labor. But I never had any grudge against him because he was so able in his line, and as long as my part was successful the money with me was a secondary consideration. When Gould got the Western Union I knew no further progress in telegraphy was possible, and I went into other lines. Work for the Western Union In fact, however, lack of money forced Edison to resume his work for the Western Union Telegraph Company. He invented a carbon transmitter and sold it to the Western Union for 100,000 dollars, paid in seventeen annual installments of 6,000 dollars. He made a similar agreement for the same sum for the patent of the electro-motograph. He did not realize that these installments payments were not good business sense. These agreements are typical  of Edisons early years  as an inventor. He worked only upon inventions he could sell and sold them to get the money to meet the payrolls of his different shops. Later the inventor hired keen businessmen to  negotiate  deals. Electric Lamps Thomas Edison set up laboratories and factories at  Menlo Park, New Jersey, in 1876, and it was there that he invented the  phonograph, patented in 1878. It was in Menlo Park that he began a series of experiments which produced his  incandescent lamp. Thomas Edison was dedicated to producing an  electric lamp for indoor use. His first research was for a durable filament which would burn in a vacuum. A series of experiments with a platinum wire and various refractory metals had unsatisfactory results. Many other substances were tried, even human hair. Edison concluded that carbon of some sort was the solution rather than a metal. Joseph Swan, an Englishman actually came to the same conclusion first. In October 1879, after fourteen months of hard work and the expenditure of forty thousand dollars, a carbonized cotton thread sealed in one of Edisons globes was tested and lasted forty hours. If it will burn forty hours now, said Edison, I know I can make it burn a hundred. And so he did. A better filament was needed. Edison found it in carbonized strips of bamboo. Edison Dynamo Edison developed his own type of  dynamo, the largest ever made up to that time. Along with the Edison incandescent lamps, it was one of the wonders of the Paris Electrical Exposition of 1881. Installation in Europe and America of plants for electrical service soon followed. Edisons first great central station, supplying power for three thousand lamps, was erected at Holborn Viaduct, London, in 1882, and in September of that year the Pearl Street Station in New York City, the first central station in America, was put into operation.

The Quality Drag on China's Car Industry Term Paper

The Quality Drag on China's Car Industry - Term Paper Example By providing the example of Hyundai, this article tries to establish the fact that the carmakers, especially the domestic Chinese carmakers, have no choice but to focus on quality in order to achieve sustainable success. Chinese automobile companies must shift their focus from higher market share to better quality by making significant investment in research and development for further improvement of quality of their cars. There are huge opportunities for these players to make improvement in the areas like handling, power train and ‘driving experience’. Having made all these points, one may ask if quality comes automatically by the mere fact that the need for quality is trumpeted to workers every now and then. The fact is that quality is earned and it must be earned methodologically. In most global jurisdictions as far as business is concerned, renowned companies and multinational corporations have relied on the basic principles of operations management to enforce and ensure quality among their workforce. It is not surprising therefore that in the article, the writer notes that â€Å"when the trade-off is between higher sales or greater profits, their instinct is to go for sales, often at the expense of profits† (Lubo, 2012). In the words of McNamara (2011), â€Å"operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services.† It basically entails the practice of using what you have to achieve what you want. The most important factor however is that in determining wha t you want to achieve, the needs and expectations of the customer must stand out (Dodge, 2005).

Brand management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Brand management - Essay Example In order to meet the growing demand, WALLS decided to open an ice-cream factory in the year 1959 at Gloucester, England. Later in the year 1981 Unilever combined T Wall and Son Ice-Cream Ltd with Birds Eye Foods Ltd to formulate a new company named â€Å"Birds Eye Wall’s Ltd†. The ice-cream factory further expanded and grew with time and Unilever still continues the brand â€Å"WALLS† in U.K. and other parts of the world. WALLS is facing tough competition with both, high-profile and lesser famous brands like Nestle and Mars but has still maintained its position as a market leader by constantly coming up with innovative products like Magnum, Cornetto, Viennetta, Carte Dor and many more. Wall’s products are sold and known in almost more than forty countries. It operates under various names in various markets having a common logo (Wall's in the UK and majority parts of Asia, Ola in Netherlands, Langnese in Germany, Kibon in Brazil and Algida in the Italy) STR ENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES Strengths Production of quality, hygienic and affordable products Strong distribution network Available world-wide Use of latest and new technology Outstanding and unique packaging Weaknesses Weather conditions can act as a barrier. The demand for ice-cream decreases in cold weather conditions, therefore, walls should come with some products like coffee, yogurt, shakes and cakes. They are unable to meet the growing demand. MARKETING MIX WALLS PRODUCT AND PRICING WALLS have different Sub brands under its umbrella which includes Cones, Cups, Family Packs and Sticks. The major brands below WALLS with distinctive identity and ability are Cornetto, Magnum, and Feast these brands are powerful and have their own awareness amongst consumers. Other brands are however sharing the same identity and are known as products of WALLS. WALLS is constantly innovating by adding to their product portfolio. They bring new products to capture and retain the market they have, if the product is not doing so well they remove it from their portfolio and discontinue its production a example can be Calypso among the existing products WALLS consider every product as a Strategic one except paddle pop. Walls products include Bulk packs of 4.5 and 9 litres and the main current products of WALLS are listed below. WALLS have fixed pricing for their products but occasionally they give discounts on certain products. PROMOTION ATL Activities WALLS is very energetic in its promotional activities and is always innovating. ATL activities include Print ads; they are continuously using this medium whatever the season maybe. They know that print material generates good response because a person has time to view it again and again on his requirement. Apart from this they use active and strategic Bill boards to promote their products and Tv commercials are also used at high level. The campaigns are also doing well and are getting the product and the company positive response. BTL Ac tivity Walls also pay a lot of attention to BTL activities and we can see them sponsoring many events. Even on lower levels Walls always is interested to sponsor College events and they also used to conduct TTL activities earlier such as WALLS carnival. Walls distribute strategic merchandise

Project Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Project Management Principles - Essay Example A typical project goes through a cycle. The standard cycle involves four phases – initiation, planning, execution and closure. In most cases changes are required to the initial plan and this involves a process of adaptation (See diagram of a six phase cycle in Appendix 2). The cycle starts with the initiation of the project during which time the scope and objectives of the project are determined. The Planning stage sets out the human resource plan, the financing plan, the communication plan, the risk management plan. After all the activities are determined and a schedule is prepared the project is implemented. If monitoring indicates that things are not going as planned then project manager needs to adapt, adjust the plan and implement the changes. The results are then checked against the project plan and if every thing is satisfactory and the objectives have been achieved then the project can be closed (RDI 2009). 1.1 Analysis of project phases This project involves the redesign of office space to accommodate new members of staff. Wysocki (2009) indicates that effective project management is not the product of a fixed set of steps to be followed in every project. However, effective project management requires that projects go through a series of steps that are clearly defined (RDI 2009). According to PM4DEV (2007) projects operate as part of a system and they involve a high level of uncertainty. Project phases are divisions within a project where additional controls are needed to effectively manage the completion of a major deliverable (PMI 2008, p. 18). By dividing the projects in several phases the project manager is able to integrate both internal and external factors in the planning process. It allows for proper control of the project and ensures that each phase is completed before moving to the next. The five major phases of a project are: identification of needs; formation of objectives and project definition; detaile d planning and scheduling; project activity management; and closure and feedback (RDI 2009). 1.1.1 Identification of n

Poverty in children with single parents

Poverty in children with single parents The most difficult thing is not spending enough time with my dad really. He might like expect me to phone him, but hes a parent so he should be taking care of me and phone me. If he really cared hed phone me every weekend and see how I was getting on at school, spend time with me and help me to do my course work (What Children from Single Parent Families Have to Say 13). This is what a typical child living in a single parent family might say when he feels ignored by one of his parents. This could be shocking to some people who believe that single parenthood doesnt greatly affect a childs life or attitude (McLanaham 1). But the fact is that not all children who grow up in single parent families are able to maintain a successful life, most of these children might suffer from great difficulties in making a transition to adulthood (Mather 1). These children are more vulnerable to poverty which increases the dangers of growing up in a single parent household to more than just economical o nes. Poverty might even cause an increase in the risks of dropping out of school, disconnecting from labor forces, and ending up as a thieves stuck in a room with not even a single parent aside (Mather 1). Early studies suggest that growing up with one parent had no long term effects on the child, but more recent reports show that the effects of parental breakup might sometimes extend to having the children intentionally damage their bodies and some might even commit suicide due to major psychiatric diseases (Single-parent Children at Increased Risk of Suicide). Adolescents who had grown up with only one of their parents during their childhood are twice as likely to suffer from poverty, have low academic achievements, and suffer from low levels of social and emotional well-being (McLanaham 1). Poverty is one of the main problems that most single-parent children suffer from. Unlike children living with a regular family, single-parent children usually have only one parent to provide income (Family and Community 10). Without the support of their husbands, single mothers face a difficult challenge in maintaining a stable economy for their family. These mothers have limited financial sources and cant easily afford to cover their childrens education, child care, and health care costs (Mather 2). For this reason, most of them tend to live with their parents or with other relatives to gain their financial support (Mather 2). Some of these mothers tend to find another option which is returning to school and resuming their education in order to find adequate jobs with reasonable salaries (Family and Community 10). If the father was too busy to take care of his recent family, he should at least ensure that his childs mother has a good educational rank and good job trainings to ensure that his children successfully pass to the stage of adulthood (Mather). He cant just leave everything on the mother; he has major responsibilities which he should never ignore towards a child which is in total need of both of his parents. Most parents miss the fact that their children could understand all what is going on around them; these children realize that their parent cant afford all what they need and crave for. As a result, they try to minimize their requests and stick to demanding for nothing but the necessities. In a way or another, the children become the ones nurturing their parent instead of them being the ones nurtured. These childrens parent often has no enough money to afford the cost of school trips or any extra activities which blocks any attempt of being able to build any social relationship, whats amazing and shocking at the same time about most of these children is that they rarely complain and dont ask for more than whats available (What Children from Single Parent Families Have to Say 25). Poverty could thus damage both financial and social aspects of a childs life. Many factors play important roles in the childrens development and affect the way they think and act. These factors include neighborhood characteristics, schools, and peer networks. But the most important factor which affects the childs growth is the parents themselves who provide the major source of social support in the childrens lives (Mather 1). With the mothers busy finding a way to provide income for their children, the child grows not only with a single parent but also with no parents at all, and the bad effects are thus doubled. These children always demand contact with the non-resident parent and complain about the way he/she is ignoring their presence. Their biggest concerns are the problems among their resident parent, their non-resident parent, and themselves (What Children from Single Parent Families Have to Say 13). They always think about every fight that happens and they even sometimes blame themselves. In addition to spending no time with their parents, these childre n also spend no time with their friends. The lack of money they face causes them difficulties in getting along with their peers; they feel excluded when their friends do activities that require money which they themselves dont have (What Children from Single Parent Families Have to Say 25). After having suffered from poverty at an early age, children in single parent households become more vulnerable to mental and psychiatric diseases (Single-parent children at increased risk of suicide). The simplest problems could appear as major ones in their view; they need much more care and attention than other children. But the painful fact is that not only do these children face financial poverty, but also time poverty; they repeatedly complain about how much they need attention from their parent who always comes tired from work and needs a long relaxing sleep (What children from single parent families have to say 14). These parents cant realize the fact that their supervision of their children at this stage is extremely important to enhance their well-being. This single parent has less time to monitor his/her children closely, and eventually he/she knows nothing about where his/her children are, who they are with, and what theyre doing (Why Single Parenthood Affects Children 24 ). Some of these children take advantage of this situation and commit actions like suicide in order to escape from what they think is an unbearable situation (Single-parent Children at Increased Risk of Suicide). This lack of parental monitoring terribly affects the childs behavior and causes him lots of psychological and emotional problems. Whether or not their mother was remarried, these children are susceptible to the risk of depression which increases with the increase of conflicts among their biological parents (Kawachi et al). With all the problems they are facing, single parents obviously have no time to get involved in their childrens school activities and usually have no enough money to set high academic goals for their children. These are the major factors which are well known to endanger the academic achievement of children. The more the parents are involved in their childrens school, the less are the problems that their children face in their education. With the lack of a stable educational background, these children face many difficulties in being enrolled in quality universities and eventually in finding quality jobs (Why Single Parenthood Affects Children 24). The poverty of their parents affects their educational achievements in different manners; the ones who grow up poor mostly have lower literacy rates, higher rates of dropping out of school, and even higher delinquency rates (The Causes and Consequences of Childrens Poverty). The minds of these children are often busy with their parents problems and they have no time to think about their school or about anything related to their education. They are full of nothing but psychological problems and free of academic aspirations. Most of them face difficulties in attending school and thinking about anything other than their parents divorce. With all the stress upon them, their academic achievements become less and eventually end up having them drop out of school. While going through a divorce, parents should pay close attention to their children to make sure that they face a low amount of stress. They have to make sure that their children understand very well that they will do anything to reduce the impact of divorce upon their lives (Hawkins). Anger might overcome these children and lead to severe problems at school, some of them might not be able to control their anger and engage in fights with their schoolmates because they only want someone to argue with to relief themselves; they even sometimes engage in fights with their teachers. The more the time he gets involved in fights, the less the time he spends in classroom (Hawkins). But the fact is that many children raised by single parent mothers grow up to be quite successful. These children are probably the ones who had responsible parents who knew how to treat their children in order to sustain a peaceful life. If this parent took his child out for dinner of even sat with him peacefully on the dinner table in an attempt to listen, his child might happily seize this chance and complain about all what hes suffering from instead of committing suicide or tearing his skin apart. One hour per day is quite enough to solve the childs social issues. As for the parent living in poverty, keep it to yourself and never complain about this problem near your children even if you have to live without many things that you are used to. When the children see their parents suffering, they might blame themselves and think that they are the reason for their parents depression. Try to find ways to afford even the simplest school trips to help your children fit into the outside wo rld and forget about living with a single parent. It would be a responsible act of the parent if he/she gives his/her childs school a visit once per week to ask about his/her academic performance and to check whether he/she is facing problems. Single-parenting is not a disaster if the parents were responsible and knew how to act.

Tradition in One Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich Essay -- One Day i

Tradition in One Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich      Ã‚  Ã‚   Explicitly, old habits die hard. People are configurations of time, place, and events preceding their life. History is studied to get a better sense of self and to recognize the contributions of other humans to the world in which we live. Traditions transcend verbally, physically, and emotionally through generations, making it difficult, if not impossible, to ostracize them from our being. In One Day In The Life Of Ivan Denisovich by Alexander Solzhenitsyn, tradition is dissected through the dichotomy of traditional versus post-modernist views portrayed by characters forced to serve, or monitor, time in a Soviet prison camp. Alyosha, Kilgas, and Tiurin live the Russian traditions in an environment oppositional to their native culture.    Alyosha is a Baptist who firmly embraces his religion and accepts his role as a zek. His faith in the Bible maintains his sanity and even inspires his living throughout the day. His discussions with Shukhov involve the purpose for their detainment. "You should rejoic...

Factor For Successful Endodontic Treatment Health And Social Care Essay

Working length finding is a important factor for successful endodontic intervention. It is a corono-apical distance within the root canal system, which confines cleaning, determining and obturation ( 1 ) . The apical bound is the narrowest point of the canal, the alleged apical bottleneck or minor hiatuss, which normally coincides with the cemento-dentinal junction. It is the anatomical and histological passage of the mush to periapical tissues. The apical bottleneck is by and large accepted to be located at 0.5aˆ’0.75 mm wreath to the major apical hiatuss ( 2 ) . Underestimate of WL can take to deficient debridement of root canal infinite and subsequent failure of endodontic intervention, whereas overestimate of WL may interfere with healing procedure through chemical and mechanical annoyance of periapical tissues, ensuing in a relentless inflammatory status and foreign organic structure reaction. Optimum mending status occurs when the obturation stuff is in minimum conta ct with apical tissues ( 3 ) . Traditionally, the WL is determined by radiogram and/or electronic devices ( 4 ) . Radiograms have been normally used to find the root canal length. However, it is non rather predictable as a consequence of planar measuring of a 3-dimensional construction ( 5 ) . Besides, it is impossible to nail the exact location of the bottleneck, sing the fact that the apical hiatuss normally deviates to the side of the root and emerges at assorted distances within 3 millimeter from the anatomic vertex ( 6 ) . In add-on, the diagnostic value of radiogram is deeply influenced by superimposition of anatomical and cadaverous constructions, cone angulations, tooth disposition and movie processing, which can accordingly take to intra-operative variableness, magnification and image deformation ( 5,7,8 ) . Evidence has shown that when the file is introduced into the canal and estimated as short of the radiographic vertex, there is 93 % overestimate with the bisecting angle technique and 20 % with the paralleling technique ( 9 ) . Other disadvantages of the radiographic technique are j eopardies of ionising radiation, proficient mistakes and the clip needed ( 5,10 ) . Electronic vertex locaters ( EALs ) are now widely used to find the root canal length. They give more accurate measurings when compared to the radiographic technique ( 11 ) . The construct of electronic finding of the WL was foremost proposed by Custer in 1918 and followed by Suzuki, who discovered a changeless electrical opposition value of 6.5 ka„ ¦ between the periodontic ligament and the unwritten mucous membrane. In 1962 Sunada applied the rule to the clinical pattern and developed the first EALs ( 12 ) . Since so, four coevalss of EALs have been introduced. The first two coevalss had defects of hapless truth in the presence of electrolytes and needed standardization, which was overcome by subsequent coevalss ( 13 ) . The Root ZX vertex locater ( J. MoritaA Corp. , Tokyo, Japan ) measures the electric resistance ratio to turn up the apical bottleneck by utilizing two different frequences, irrespective of the type of the electrolyte in the canal, and requires no standardi zation ( 14 ) . The effects of assorted factors, such as file size ( 15 ) , file metal ( 16 ) , primary teething ( 17 ) , tooth type ( 18 ) , apex locater type ( 19 ) , apical hiatuss diameter ( 15 ) , canal diameter ( 20 ) , canal preflaring ( 21,22 ) , mush verve ( 23 ) , root reabsorption ( 24 ) , root break ( 25 ) , apical periodontal disease ( 26 ) , irrigant solution ( 27 ) and endodontic retreatment ( 28 ) , on the truth of EALs have been evaluated. Furthermore, tooth length fluctuations may impact the truth of EALs because a file is more likely to be interfered within long canals than short 1s in making the apical mention degree. There are no surveies available on the influence of tooth length, as a possible interfering factor, on the map of EALs. Thus, the purpose of this ex vivo survey was to measure the influence of tooth length on the truth of Root ZX vertex locater.Materials and MethodsForty extracted human maxillary eyetooths with a length scope of 27aˆ’29 millimeters were s elected. The dentitions were soaked in 5.25 % Na hypochlorite for three hours and rinsed in a bath with tap H2O for five proceedingss to take periodontic tissue leftovers. All the dentitions were checkedA for the absence of external clefts, unfastened vertexs, Restorations, root reabsorption, and old root canal intervention. The dentitions were placed in distilled H2O incorporating 10 % formol until needed. ConventionalA accessA pit was prepared with a unit of ammunition diamond bur and finished with Endo Z bur ( Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland ) under continuousA waterA spray. The same bur was used to make a level surface to hold a stable mention point. The leftovers of mush tissue and dust were removed with sizes 10 and 15 K-type files ( Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland ) . The coronal tierce of each canal was flared with sizes 2, 3, and 4 Gates-Glidden burs. The canals were irrigated with 2.5 % Na hypochlorite solution and normal saline utilizing a 27-gauge acerate leaf after each instrument. The patency of the apical hiatuss was confirmed with a size 10 K-type file. The full tooth length was mounted in self-curing acrylic rosin ( Vertex, Zeist, A Netherlands ) to ease sectioning except for the apical 3aˆ’4 millimeter of the root. In order to recover the entree pit throughA the acrylic rosin, it was covered with a cotton pellet followed by wax physiq ue up. The existent length was the distance from the coronal mention point to the major apical hiatuss, which was determined by infixing a size 10 or 15 K-type file into the canal until the file tip was merely seeable at the degree of the apical hiatuss under a surgical microscope ( OPMIA Primo, A CarlA Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany ) at A-16 magnification. The silicone halt was carefully adjusted to the degree of mention point and the file was removed. The distance from the silicone halt to the file tip was recorded with an endodontic swayer to the nearest 0.25 millimeter under A-3A magnificationA of binocularA loupesA ( Heine, Herrsching, Germany ) . The electronic length was determined with a modified polythene box incorporating alginate ( Alginoplast ; Heraeus-Kulzer, Hanau, Germany ) asA describedA by Baldi et Al ( 29 ) . Two openings were made in the palpebras, one in the centre for puting the tooth, and the other laterally for puting the lip electrode of the electronic vertex locater. The root canals were irrigated with normal saline, with the extra being removed utilizing paper points before the electronic location process. The lip electrode was immersed in the several opening in the palpebra, coming into contact with the alginate ; a size 10 or 15 K-type file and 31 millimeter in length was so connected to the file electrode for electronic measuring. The file electrode was connected to the file at a distance of 1aˆ’3 millimeter from the mention point for all the measurings. The file was inserted into the canal until the device beeped the reading of â€Å" APEX † , bespeaking the major apical hiatuss. The silicone halt was so carefully adjusted to the mention degree. The file was removed and the distance from the silicone halt to the file tip was measured. The measurings were made within theA two toleranceA bounds of A ±0.5A and A ±1.0 millimeter. All the dentition ( runing from 27 to 29 millimeters in length ) were horizontally sectioned at 3 millimeter from the coronal mention plane to do the 2nd length group of 40 dentitions ( runing from 24 to 26 millimeters in length ) . The subdivisions were made with a water-cooled, slow-speed diamond saw sectioningA machine. In the same mode, decrease in the length by 3-mm cuts continued up to 6 subdivisions. Therefore, there were 7 groups with 40 dentitions in each group as follows: L1= 27aˆ’29 millimeter, L2=24aˆ’26 millimeter, L3=21aˆ’23 millimeter, L4=18aˆ’20 millimeter, L5=15aˆ’17 millimeter, L6=12aˆ’14 millimeter, and L7=9aˆ’11 mm ( Fig. 1 ) . After each subdivision, the existent and electronic root canal length measurings were made. All the measurings were made in triplicate, and the average value of the three readings was recorded.Statistical AnalysisDatas were analyzed utilizing SPSS package, version 15 ( SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL ) . Statistical analysis was carried out by the Pearson ‘s additive correlativity coefficient in two ways. First, the correlativity between the acceptable measurings at the 0.5- and 1.0-mm tolerance and the root canal lengths in the 7 length groups was analyzed. Second, the correlativity between the distance from the file tip to the apical hiatuss and the root canal lengths was evaluated. Correlation was important at 0.01 degree.ConsequencesIn 7 groups of 40 dentitions, a sum of 840 electronic measurings, three with each length, were made. Table 1 shows the per centum and figure of acceptable measurings for 7 length groups, determined by Root ZX vertex locater. Figure 2A shows scatter secret plan of the correlativity between the per centums of the acceptable measurings of the vertex locater and the root canal lengths in the 7 length groups for the two mistake scopes of A ±0.5 and A ±1 millimeter. There was a negative correlativity between the acc eptable measurings of apex locater and the root canal lengths in the 7 length groups for the two mistake scopes of A ±0.5 ( r=-0.975, P & lt ; 0.001 ) and A ±1 millimeter ( r=-0.889, P & lt ; 0.001 ) . Figure 2B shows scatter secret plan of the correlativity between the distance from the file tip to the apical hiatuss and root canal lengths. There was a positive correlativity between the distance from the file tip to the apical hiatuss and root canal lengths ( r=0.4, P & lt ; 0.001 ) .DiscussionIt has been reported that EALs are accurate in finding the working length in 31aˆ’100 % of the times ( 30,31 ) . The file intervention within the root canal infinite may act upon the truth of EALs. de Camargo et Al ( 21 ) and Ibarrola et Al ( 22 ) observed a better public presentation of the Root ZX vertex locater in the preflared canals. They reported that this may be attributed to the riddance of cervical dentin interventions. Herrera et Al ( 32 ) claimed that the preciseness of EALs might be influenced by the file size as smaller files leave infinite inside the canal whereas larger files fit tighter. Tooth length is another factor which can impact the file intervention within the root canal. There is a broad scope of tooth lengths for dentition in demand of root canal therapy. Maxillary eyetooths are the longest dentition with an mean length of 26.5 millimeters whereas maxillary 3rd grinders are the shortest dentition with an mean length of 17 millimeter ( 33 ) . Furthermore, factors such as dental cavities and injury can cut down tooth length. Since the file is more likely to be interfered within the canal in long dentitions than in short dentition, this survey was designed to find if the tooth length would act upon the truth of EALs. Since the purpose of this survey was to measure the influence of tooth length on the truth of the vertex locater, maxillary eyetooths were used as the longest dentition in the unwritten pit. Among these dentitions the long 1s with a length scope of 27aˆ’29 millimeters were selected. To extinguish the confounding factors, including apical hiatuss diameter, canal diameter, canal curvature, and to do the groups every bit homogenous as possible, the same dentition were used in the present survey with gradual length decrease to do dentitions with shorter lengths alternatively of utilizing different dentitions with a broad scope of lengths. Different apical mention points and experimental protocols have been established to measure the truth of EALs. Since the place of apical bottleneck and its relationship with the CDJ are extremely irregular ( 2,4,18,32 ) , the major apical hiatuss was a preferable apical mention point and †APEX † grade on the Root ZX show was used. Therefore, shaving the apical tierce of the root was unneeded. Baldi et Al ( 29 ) compared alginate, gelatin, saline, sponge, and agar as implanting media in the rating of the truth of EALs. They reported no statistically important differences between the media used. However, alginate provided the most consistent consequences. It has good electroconductive belongingss, reproduces the periodontium and is easy prepared. Therefore, the preferable embedding medium in this survey was alginate. Measurements attained within the A ±0.5-mm border of mistake, which is considered an acceptable tolerance scope, are extremely accurate ( 34 ) . However, A ±1-mm border of mistake is clinically assumed to be acceptable because a broad scope is seen in the form of the apical zone and due to the deficiency of exact limit of apical landmarks ( 35 ) . In this survey, both scopes of mistake were considered in measuring the truth of the electronic vertex locater. The average truth rates of Root ZX within A ±0.5- and A ±1-mm border of mistake were 72.86 % and 95 % , severally. Furthermore, the precise measuring with Root ZX apex locater was 4.07 % , consistent with the consequences of other surveies describing low proportion of exact measurings with the vertex locater ( 15,31 ) . The per centum of acceptable measurings to a tolerance of A ±0.5 millimeter was 52.50 % in the L1 group ( 27aˆ’29 millimeter ) , which increased by 10 % in the L2 group ( 24aˆ’26 millimeter ) . Overall, the truth of the electronic vertex locater increased bit by bit with consecutive tooth length decrease. It increased by 37.5 % in the L7 group ( 9aˆ’11 millimeter ) compared to the L1 group. Positive values mean that the file extended through the major apical hiatuss, whereas negative values mean the file tip was positioned before the major apical hiatuss. In this survey, high inclination of Root ZX was observed toward negative values. Besides of involvement was the specific form of distribution for acceptable measurings among the length groups. The high Numberss of the negative values in the first length group were bit by bit converted into positive values during the subsequent length decreases. Sing the technique used in this survey, which required consecutive tooth length decreases, it was non practical to execute an in vivo experiment. However, Duran-Sindreu et Al ( 36 ) demonstrated no statistically important differences in the truth of Root ZX electronic vertex locater between in vivo and in vitro theoretical accounts.DecisionUnder the conditions of the present survey, the truth of the electronic vertex locater was influenced by tooth length. The electronic vertex locater provided higher truth in short dentitions compared to longer 1s. FurtherA studiesA areA neededA toA confirmA these findings.

Impact of the Light Bulb and Cell Phone on Society Essay

When one reflects on the past century, it is astonishing how much technology has evolved in every sense. From light bulbs that lasted only ten hours, to bulbs that can now last over ten thousand hours. From a simple cellular phone only capable of making phone calls, to today’s smartphones that have effectively changed the way we interact with one another. Although there will always be opponents of technology, there is no denying that is has positively impacted modern society, and the way we live, work, and communicate. Thomas Alva Edison In today’s society, when a light bulb goes out, we think nothing of it. It is easy to drive to the closest store, purchase the appropriate bulb for next to nothing, and replace the burnt out bulb. What people don’t realize, however, are the painstaking hours of work and dedication that Thomas Edison devoted to this magical wonder, and the impact that it has had on society today. In order to fully understand and appreciate this marvel, it is necessary to go back in time and relive the invention for yourself. In Chapter 1 of Beyond Engineering, Robert Pool takes you back to the beginning, back to the time when â€Å"if people wanted light after the sun went down, they still performed the age-old ritual: they lit a fire. Outdoors, it might be a wood fire; indoors, a candle or kerosene lamps†. Before Edison’s invention transformed society, the majority of people were cast in the dark when the sun went down. Although candles and kerosene lamps were an option, they were not only dim, but also a potential safety hazard. They were also unable to provide the reliable source of light that today’s lamps produce. Even though a few warehouses and factories had arc lighting installed, this technology was far too expensive and unattainable for the average household. It goes without saying that the light bulb itself was nothing special. Without all the additional technology and developments that followed, such as power stations, transformers, electrical wiring, etc., its impact on society would have been minimal. It is incontrovertible, however, that the electrical technology that has emerged thanks to the light bulb, has impacted and transformed society beyond recognition. Without these developments, modern society would still be in the dark. We would not have the privilege of travel that we take for granted today, thanks to vehicle headlights, aircraft lighting, streetlamps, etc. We would never have developed the modern workforce that our society benefits from today, thanks to twenty-four hour lighting, and the contemporary conveniences that we enjoy today. Not to mention the ability to enjoy our homes any time of day, not just when the sun is shining. Without the progress that followed the light bulb, we would not have access to today’s amenities that we take for granted, such as electric stoves, microwaves, movie theatres, â€Å"night life† and computers, to name only a few. Though it is doubtful that Thomas Edison ever dreamed that his invention would alter life for millions of people to come, it is indisputable that it truly has. Cellular Devices The cellular telephone is an excellent example of a device that has evolved from a simple, uncommon product, in to a complex multi-billion dollar industry. From a product that began as an expensive toy, only attainable by the most privileged members of First World society, to an invaluable device used by the majority of people worldwide. If you were to return to the point of origin, when the cell phone was first created, you would certainly never be able to convey to its original manufacturer the technological evolution that has brought cellular technology to the point it’s at today. When mobile telephones were first invented, they were a modest, bulky device with only one purpose- to make and receive phone calls from â€Å"anywhere†; not at all similar to the sleek, complicated models we use today. It is not difficult to realize the enormous changes the cellular phone has undertaken since the first model was released. Although the cell phones of the past certainly had an assortment of parts and pieces to make it work, it pales in comparison to the vast, complex array of parts that are needed today to make a smartphone function. Similar to the complexities of the Boeing 747 â€Å"super jet†, â€Å"No single person can comprehend the entire workings† of a cell phone. The cell phone found in the pocket of the majority of citizens of the world today include GPS, Wi-Fi, 3G or 4G networks, LTE, high-resolution cameras and millions of downloadable user-made applications to choose from. In fewer than 30 years, the cell phone went from a rare device only attainable by the wealthiest of the population, to a device that a large percentage of the population now owns. Whether on the streets of downtown Toronto, or a small village in poverty-stricken East Africa, it is becoming increasingly rare to find a person who does not own a mobile device. Similar to the light bulb, the cell phone began as a modest product with a modest purpose, and underwent multiple, complex revisions to result in the current models manufactured today. If one examines the cell phone’s impact on our culture, it is evident that it has had both a positive and a negative impact on society. Without a doubt, the largest positive impact has been its ability to make day-to-day life less complicated, and ultimately, easier. Among a never-ending list of examples are: the ability to set reminders for appointments, meetings and important dates, an endless array of how-to and do-it-yourself applications to save money on professional services, internet access from anywhere, instant access to bank, email and home security accounts, etc. Mobile technology has also made it easier to stay in touch with loved ones around the world. Deployed troops are able to communicate with their families at home via Skype, international businesses can hold meetings with cowor kers on the other side of the world via videoconference, and parents are able to communicate with their children anytime, from anywhere. It is easily debatable that the positive impact cellular phones have had on society far outweigh the negative, however, it is not realistic to maintain that there has been no negative bearing at all. Aside from the physical danger associated with our near-obsession with our cell phones, such as texting and driving, the most easily identifiable negative effect is the noticeable decrease in personal, human interaction. It is not an exaggeration to say that the vast majority of today’s generation spend a large portion of their time on their cell phones. Whether in a restaurant, a classroom, public transportation, or the movie theatre, you are most likely surrounded by the bright light originating from someone’s phone screen. It is rare to walk down a public street, or through a shopping centre, without seeing people walking, texting, chatting or surfing online all at the same time, regardless of their surroundings. The intimate, social relationships between friends seems to have suffered as a result of society’s need to constantly feel â€Å"plugged in† to our mobile devices. Conclusion Without a doubt, technology will continue to adapt and evolve, as will our attitudes towards it. What seems futuristic and revolutionary today, will one day be taken for granted by our descendants. Just like the original inventors of the light bulb and cellular telephone, the inventors and manufacturers of today can only scarcely begin to imagine the different evolutions and modifications that their current products will undertake in the near-future. Though it is impossible to predict the inventions, creations and ideas to come, it is irrefutable that the impacts, both positive and negative, on society and the worldwide population as a whole, will be substantial. Bibliography 1) Chapter 1, History and Momentum, Beyond Engineering, How Society Shapes Technology, Robert Pool 2) Chapter 4, Complexity, Beyond Engineering, How Society Shapes Technology, Robert Pool ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Chapter 1, History and Momentum, Beyond Engineering, How Society Shapes Technology, Robert Pool [ 2 ]. Chapter 4, Complexity, Beyond Engineering, How Society Shapes Technology, Robert Pool

Monet essays

Monet essays His work started a major artistic movement in France during the late 19th century and still today his painting are revered across the world by people of all ages. Claude Monet's distinctive style of using small strokes of color to simulate light became known as Impressionism. The name comes from one of his most famous paintings, Impression: Sunrise, which was completed in 1872. Monet was born November 14, 1840 in Paris. Struggling with poverty, his family moved a few years later to the coastal city of Le Havre. This is where Monet developed his love for the outdoors and began to study with Eugene Boudin, one of the biggest influences on his painting. Boudin introduced him to him to the absurd concept of "open-air" painting. At the age of 16, after his mother's death, Monet moved to Paris to pursue his painting career. During this time, he was introduced to a woman named Camille Pissarro, who would later become the subject of many of his painting as well as his wife. His family was so opposed to his decision to be an artist, they even offered to buy him out of military service if he gave up his studies and came back home. He of course did not accept and spent the next several years with a cavalry division stationed in North Africa. After suffering from typhoid fever, his family pooled their money to get him out of the army. The 60's were a very difficult period for Monet, his paintings were not selling well and he was very poor. Some of his paintings were displayed in exhibitions; his most notable was a portrait of his mistress Camille. In 1862 he entered the studio Gleyre and there met the painters who would help bring about the Impressionist movement: Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frederick Bazille. His paintings of the late 1860's were mainly seascapes including The Beach at Sainte-Adresse, La Grenouillre, and The Beach at Trouville. The year 1870 brought along big changes in Monet's life. To escape ...

Film review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film review - Essay Example Katniss takes the place of her younger sister in the games and because of her skill in archery is able to survive some of the worst attacks by her fellow competitors. In addition, she has a love interest in the form of Peeta who, before they get into the arena, declares his love for her in an interview. Throughout the film, we see a change in the character of Katniss as she becomes more assertive and dares to challenge the authority of the government of Panem through various actions. It is through these actions that Katniss is able to force the hand of the government to change the rules of the game so that individuals can work as teams. The film has been designed to gain the interest of individuals from all walks of society. The success of The Hunger Games and the wave of interest it has generated have inspired the development of two sequels. Before its official release, this film generated a lot of interest among the prospective audience because of the difference in concept from the other films that had recently come from Hollywood. It can be said that the concept upon which the film is based is highly unique and extraordinarily: few films have been made using the same concept. This film employs a vibrating abruptness that is hardly ever found in the work of Hollywood directors, and this can be said to bring the film closer to the realities of life. It has some cold bloodedness that is hard to find in many contemporary films, and this makes it one of a kind. When the film was released, it did not disappoint those who had expected it to have the qualities that were unique and fun, and at the same time made the film a serious picture to watch. It looks at the relationship between an authoritarian state and its citizens from a new perspective that many would consider impossible. This film is, therefore, worthy of the adoration that

Organizational Structure Presentation Communication Methods Essay - 1

Organizational Structure Presentation Communication Methods - Essay Example There must be effective communication at different levels in order for medical practitioners and other health care providers to operate efficiently. The managers should support open communication within the organization. In addition, the managers in the organization will be responsible for communicating to the junior workers, telling them what they are expected to do and the issues concerning the new strategy to be introduced (long-term care services). Communication should easily flow from one department to the other or from one person to another. Subordinates should have the feeling that they are authorized to ask questions and raise issues about processes and advancements involved in this new strategy. Similarly, all employees should communicate efficiently with the patient and family (Buchbinder & Shanks, 2012). Poor communication always threatens the life of patients. Communication with the patient or family is important because it will provide information concerning the conditio n of the patient. Apart from communicating treatment instructions, workplace communication also delivers information concerning the condition of the patient and diagnosis. Open communication and the generosity of sharing information create greater action and improved efficiency. Through collaborative leadership, the manager will always concentrate on building consensus and upright interpersonal associations. This will happen through participation and communication. The main importance of open communication is its ability to increase the level of transparency in an organization. The process improves trust between different levels of workers. Lack of effective communication in an organization can lead to anger, pressure and feelings of insecurity at the workplace. Good communication allows workers to feel as part of the organization. They will also feel

Evaluation of a Study Involving Faculty Development Essay

Evaluation of a Study Involving Faculty Development - Essay Example This paper evaluates a scholarly journal article in which 17 participants involved in nursing education were interviewed in relation to their opinion regarding knowledge, skills development, and the variety of teaching directly related to their in-house professional environment. There are many challenges involved with coordinating an effective EPR program that are largely due to the type of educational facility structure and current level of skills acquisition by teaching staff. The Study’s Intention The research study consisted of qualitative interviews after the researchers selected a sample population of 17 different educators with varying skills acquisition and level of nursing education experience. A portion of the sample consisted of full-time educators, part-time educators, and those categorized as clinical faculty members. The majority of participants maintained what was considered to be higher-level skills accessibility and were thus mostly considered experts in their field of education. The sample chosen was designed to offer a cross-section of skills application to understand whether needs associated with faculty development were diverse or whether needs in faculty development were similar. ... An objective of this qualitative methodology was to ensure that individual respondents could define their opinion of what constituted a peer in the EPR process as well as their belief regarding what tools would be best effective when designing a future EPR program. The goal of this interview structure was to identify what practices might be ineffective for future EPR programs and also highlight what systems or processes might be most beneficial in a real-time teaching environment. As previously identified, by using expert respondents in the sample chosen, practice versus theory in EPR could be more appropriately identified. Thibault (2011) identifies that if faculty development programs are not structured in a way that is meaningful to the educator, they are not likely to be sustainable over the long-term. â€Å"If the interprofessional teaching is regarded as ‘extra’ or as something that faculty do on a volunteer basis on their own time, it is not likely to be sustaina ble† (Thibault, 2011, p.314). This assessment by Thibault is supported by the selected research article as the participants in the study identified many different systems-based challenges that frustrated their educator development goals. Two of these challenges included frustration over not understanding how they fit within the system and â€Å"lack of stability in courses being taught† (Toth & McKey, 2010, p.56). The article provided results that clearly indicated that there must be a sense of regularity regarding educational peer review programs with marginal room for flexibility in order to gain support or for the educator to find long-term value in the program structure. In general, short of a few exceptions in the chosen sample group, there was a

Congo River In Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

Congo River In Heart of Darkness Essay The Meaning of the Congo River for Marlow, the journey on the Congo River is one of the most difficult and ominous journeys he will ever take. The fact that it takes him around and not completely into the jungle is significant of Marlows psychological journey as well. He never really goes on land but watches the shore from the outside. The only time he goes on shore he finds a wasteland. For Marlow the jungle of the Congo is representative of evil that man is capable of. In Heart of Darkness, it seems that the further Marlow travels into the jungle, the deeper he looks into himself. All this time is spent on the Congo River as he looks from the outside. This is symbolic as he is looking at his soul from the outside but never really sees himself until he goes on land to get Kurtz. When he arrives on land is symbolic of when he looks the deepest into himself. He goes to find Kurtz on his deathbed and is given he choice to take over for him as a god among an African tribe. Marlow is faced with the ultimate choice between good and evil. For a moment it is uncertain what choice Marlow will make. But, unlike Kurtz, Marlow picks the good over evil, as he rescues Kurtz back to the steamer. The fact that Marlow sailed along the Congo River, around the jungle, and not actually into the jungle is an important symbol also. Marlow never walks the path that Kurtz did to self-destruction. He went around the jungle to avoid getting captured by evil. Kurtz was a decent Englishman until he gave into the desires of his heart of darkness. Kurtz spent all his time in the jungle and eventually forgot all of his self-control, manners, and upbringing. He truly looked in the deepest part of himself and found that his evil desires would reign. This is symbolic because he was deep inside the jungle. In this respect Conrad uses to men to show the reader both the good and bad of humankind. He shows the true evil and good that man is capable of If proper restraints had been there would Kurtz have done things differently? The fact that no one was around to keep Kurtz in check helped him succeed in becoming capable of the immense evil he became. Marlow had his shipmates there to keep him responsible. When he left the steamboat there wasnt anyone to restrain Marlow. He was face to face with himself and his human desires, but as he looked at Kurtz and what the evil had done to him he saw the consequences of choosing evil. If Marlow hadnt seen the consequences would he have acted differently? In the beginning of the novel, Marlow talks of things as if they are happening far away from him and not actually happening close by which represents that he is on the outside looking in. He also talks about a fog that settles over the river. This fog represents a distortion of what lies ahead. As he makes his decisions based on what he thinks is right but really he has no idea of what will happen to him or his crew. As the novel progresses the reader will start to understand all of these themes and symbols that the Congo River represents. It represents the shedding of layers of the soul and taking a look into the desires of the heart. By the end it seams as though the reader has taken a look into their own soul to find out what ultimately dominates them. Will they find themselves to be a Marlow; a person who exercises their capacity for good, or will they find themselves to be a Kurtz; a person capable of an immense heart of darkness?

Gender, Consumption and the Media

Gender, Consumption and the Media Consumption is a social practice which subconsciously communicates ideas about gender. In turn, gender intersects with the realm of consumer behaviour as a cognitive, cultural and political construct (Ross, 2010, pp.13-39). In this instance, the media provides an important sphere to observe the social constructions of gender that, through routine, substantiates certain performances of gender (Hirschman Stern, 1994, pp. 576-81). Within the context of Home Box Office’s television series, Sex and the City (1998-2004, hereafter ‘SATC’), this paper will analyse contemporary depictions of femininity and demonstrate how these interpretations coincide with consumption. It will further discuss how gender fluidity allow the characters of SATC the liberty to transpire and transition between the essentialist attributes of feminine versus masculine, distorting the conventional boundaries and constructions of femininity when they consume homes, engage in consumption related to sex, and struggle with true love and marriage in their search for authenticity. Each character discovers approaches to simultaneously reconstruct and reinforce their gendered identities as they construct contemporary roles with the assistance of consumption. However, it is this consumption that can generate new tensions. The home is often associated with the gendered notions of the domestic sphere. Within the home, production and consumption are conventionally defined, with men buying the home and women buying for the home. This shapes the home as a site of patriarchal oppression and control (Schroeder Borgerson, 1998, pp. 105-231). However, Caldwell and Kleppe (2006, pp. 22-40) argue that household members can subvert, conform to, or negotiate ideas about gender. While discourses on home ownership are traditionally related to the marriage of a man and woman, SATC represents home ownership as allowing the female characters freedom to explore the expectations that are associated with conventional gender roles in the home and their personal desire to demarcate new gender roles as single women, without children, consuming living spaces. For Miranda, gender fluidity is communicated to encompass the power roles of men and women as professionals, lovers and homeowners. In light of this, Miranda experiences tensions when she confronts the vestiges of conventional gender roles when buying her home. Initially, Miranda had visualised that her acquirement of a home would satisfy her identity as an independent yet professionally accomplished single woman. However, the possession of a home for Miranda is shown to become imbued with sexism. This reflects the cultural assumption that a woman without children or a husband would simply not possess sufficient financial funds or knowledge to invest in real estate and would not consider purchasing her home ‘alone’. In effect, the challenge a woman’s achievement in the conventionally masculine, public sphere of work as a corporate lawyer poses leaves Miranda’s character insecure about her performance of femininity. Here, SATC communicates how the subversion of traditional feminine ideals will inevitably involve a negotiation of the gains of feminism. By purchasing a house without a man, Miranda is portrayed to challenge the norm which results in a self-reflective debate regarding her performance of femininity. Miranda’s experiences of tension demonstrate that changes to gender norms come slowly. The consumption related to domesticity and the home is therefore denoted in SATC as simultaneously liberating yet replete with tensions of the gender norms in everyday life. Another theme of gender that SATC communicates is how gender and consumption discourses are interlinked with the confines of sexuality. Gender is argued to be interlinked with sexuality as an individual’s gender guides their sexuality while at the same time an individual’s sexuality validates their gender (Fracher Kimmel 1995, p. 367). Schroeder and Zwick (2004, p. 34) argue that consumer behaviour regarding everyday products reflects on the messages of ‘sexuality, lifestyle and identity’. In SATC, themes of sexuality are intently interlinked with gender and consumption discourses although the cultural messages imbued in the consumption choices are neither essentialist nor direct. The women of SATC represent a contemporary adaptation of the single girl. This new standard for contemporary women is less fixed on chasing marriage as a fundamental end, but more focused on career and relationships. While stereotypical media representations of women primarily ex hibit traits of femininity as that of passivity and helplessness (Stole 2003, pp. 65-80), the narrative of single girls in SATC mirror the changes in the norms of femininity over time. For Samantha, her gender status as a single female and being the eldest of the four women, welcomes her attempts to control and preserve her youth through the performance of aesthetic labour (Pettinger, 2004, pp. 165-84). However, this narrative of Samantha struggling and worrying about her changing sexuality because of aging is brought to a halt when she realises the power her gender status provides her over the notions of beauty and youth. Samantha is characterised as empowering when she withstands the influence of the stereotypical images of female sexuality she is enveloped by as an exuberant consumer of fashion and executive-owner of a public relations firm. Through the characterisation of Samantha, the performance of female sexuality is suggested to involve an aesthetic that changes as a woman physically and emotionally matures. The aesthetic of femininity links female sexuality and power as SATC frames the aesthetic and its associated power to be about Samantha’s power to create and use it. In essence, Samantha embodies the tensions that emerge when a female must let go of youth and acknowledge her own power to determine her own beauty with age. In turn, the performance of female sexuality is highlighted to relate to consuming pleasure which may or may not involve sharing that pleasure with a man, either because men cannot provide it, or women prefer to experience the pleasure alone. Nonetheless, views of masculine power and predatory sexuality, the correlation sexual performance has with marriage and dating that will eventually result in marriage remain evident notions in SATC. This stresses gender as a social construct and how consumers will require time before being able to perform a more fluid notion of gender, without the anxiety, despite the idea of gender equality. SATC therefore communicates the tensions experienced by females that relate to these norms during their consumption of goods (for Samantha, the consideration of plastic surgery) which, in turn, affect the females’ performance of their sexuality and creating their desired gender identity. The final theme of gender communicated in SATC is the tension between an ongoing ambivalence for an authentic gender identity and the stereotyped female longing for true love and marriage. Potter (2010, p. 4) holds that authenticity and the consumption of true love and marriage is about individualism and a movement way from the masses to seek an individual gender status. However, consumption can never lead to an authentic gender identity because of what is consumed is considered to be inauthentic. As gender is a ‘natural and pre-cultural’ social construct (McCracken, 2008, p.186), the pursuit of an authentic gender identity and the performance of gender fluidity that may offer self-transformation and opportunities by being enacted through consumption may require the shelving of the authentic gender along the way. In SATC, the real self and the real love are framed as the female authenticity. By consuming to pursue authenticity, the female characters alter the power struc ture traditional gender roles have established through femininity’s contemporary self-sufficiency as the women of SATC discern between the fakes and real of love and self-knowledge. In Season 3, Charlotte escapes from the authenticity of New York City to experience the superficiality of Los Angeles. The change in setting allows Charlotte to reconsider the authenticity of the conservative gender messages she embodied in New York City. In effect, Charlotte is shown to become frustrated by her pursuits of authentic love and marriage as following the conventions of how to get married and pursue her views of true love and marriage to establish an authentic gender identity have been unsuccessful. Through the characterisation of Charlotte, SATC communicates the view of a conservative, gender identity where unmarried women should not have sex with their unmarried partner until after marriage. In effect, work, sexuality and consumption are conveyed as gender roles to be performed for the goal of true love, marriage and a gender identity. However, Charlotte’s later frustrations over her marriage with an impotent husband indicate that her pursuit of true love and ma rriage through following conventions may have, in itself, been inauthentic. This expresses the contemporary idea that gender identities in relationships are unstable and unscripted. Tensions between the conventional and contemporary norms are conveyed in SATC to be part of new gender performances yet the ending of fixed models or frames of references for true love, marriage and gender identity inherently creates anxiety. Constructions of gender in the media influence the understandings of gender in reality. These constructions provide points of analysis as they legitimise certain performances of gender and reflect broader discourses in society. The themes of gender in SATC focus on questions of the freedom of femininity and the changing notions of female sexuality in a dynamic social landscape. By examining SATC, insight is provided into the contemporary performativity of femininity in relation to consumption in public and traditionally masculine spheres. With the notions of family and work having changed in society, it has brought simultaneous changes in the understanding of gender roles. SATC provides a new independent woman, who despite subverts their traditional gender role, still struggles with similar issues prevalent in traditional notions of gender. The gender fluidity of post-feminism gives the characters of SATC the freedom to be multifaceted in their performances regarding consuming the ho me, experiencing sexuality and maintain and projecting an authentic self. However, this fluidity is often fraught with tensions between traditional models of gender and the gendered performances of the characters. The characters in SATC find ways to simultaneously re-establish and reinforce their gendered identities as they create and occupy new roles (with the aid of consumption) in a world of competing discourses of gender which are grounded in prior notions of femininity. Yet this consumption can lead to a sense of anxiety as well from the complex negotiations of gender expectations. References Caldwell, M. Kleppe, I. A. 2006, ‘Gender identity and perceptions of femininity in everyday life: A multi country study of contemporary young female achievers’, Gender and Consumer Behaviour, vol. 8, pp. 22–40. Fracher, J. Kimmel, M. 1995, ‘Hard issues and soft spots: Counselling men about sexuality’, Men’s Lives, pp. 365–74. Hirschman, E. C. Stern B. B. 1994, ‘Women as commodities: Prostitution as depicted in The Blue Angel, Pretty Baby and Pretty Woman’, Advances in Consumer Research, vol. 21, pp. 576–81. McCracken, G. 2008, Transformations: Identity construction in contemporary culture, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Pettinger, L. 2004, ‘Brand culture and branded workers: Service work and aesthetic labour in fashion retail’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 165–84. Potter, A. 2010, The authenticity hoax: How we get lost finding ourselves, HarperCollins Publishers, New York. Ross, K. 2010, Gendered media: Women, men and identity politics, Rowman and Littlefield, Plymouth, pp. 13-39. Schroeder, J. E. Borgerson, J. L. 1998, ‘Marketing images of gender: A visual analysis’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 105–231. Schroeder, J. E. Zwick, D. 2004, ‘Mirrors of masculinity: Representation and identity in advertising images’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21–52. Sex and the City 1998 – 2004, television series, HBO Original Programming, New York. Stole, I. L. 2003, ‘Televised consumption: Women, advertisers and the early daytime television industry’, Consumption Markets Culture, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 65–80.